Kaisaaniyyah
They are ascribed to Kaisaan who is the mawlaa of Ali (rali Allahu anhu), and also the student of Muhammad bin al-Hanafiyyah (son of Ali). The core belief of this sect is that Ali (rali Allahu anhu) encompassed all the divine knowledge, and he knows all the secret hidden ta’weels (explanations, exegesis), and that he alone has the right to make interpretations of the Shariah texts, and obedience to this Imaam is the very essence of the religion (and which in turn invalidates the necessity of the legislated actions). Muhammad bin al-Hanafiyyah freed himself from these people openly, however when he died, they claimed he is still living and that he will be given the permission to return. To the Kaisaaniyyah, Muhammad bin al-Hanafiyyah is the awaited Mahdi.
Note: the diffrence between this sect and others in that they only said Ali (Rali) possessed the divine knowledge, but did not actually deify him.
Zaidiyyah
They ascribe to Zayd bin Ali bin al-Husayn bin Ali bin Abi Talib. Whilst they believe in the superiority of Ali (rali Allahu anhu), they also accept the principle that a person of lesser rank is able to take leadership despite the presence of the one with higher rank due to some considered beneficial interest which needed to be attained on account of the situation of presence of factors. This is how they view the rulership of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman (rali Allahu anhum). When the Shias of Kufah heard of this position and that they do not free themselves of the two Shaykhs (Abu Bakr and Umar), they rejected them and so the Zaidiyyah labelled them “Raafidah.” Zayd bin Ali bin al-Husain studied with Wasil bin Ataa (founder of the Mu’tazilah), there were elements of i’tizaal (rationalism) as well as aspects of khurooj (revolt of the Kharijites), although he was not upon the actual core usool of the Mu’tazilah and Kharijites, and for this reason, traces of these influences are found in the Zaidee fiqh and manhaj. The Zaidiyyah are the least deviant faction of the Shi’a.
Imaamiyyah
These are of numerous sects as we shall see, but they carried the right of Imaamah (leadership) from Ali (rali Allahu anhu) to his son Hasan (rali Allahu anhu), to his brother Husain (rali Allahu anhu) to his son Zayn al-Aabideen (Rahimahullah) and then to his son Muhammad al-Baaqir (Rahimahullah), then to his son Ja’far al-Saadiq (Rahimahullah).
From here, they divided into two categories:
The first are those who then gave the right of Imaam to the son of Ja’far, Ismaa’eel, and they became known as the Ismailiyyah. This group in turn split into many groups, but three of them remain today and they are: a) Ismailiyyah Mustaliyyah (Bohrahs), b)Ismailiyyah Nizaariyyah (Agha Khanis), c) Druze.
The second are those who gave the right of Imaamah to Musa al-Kadhim, and these are known as the Ithna Ashariyyah (the Twelvers), and they are also referred to as the Ja’fariyyah. They are the most important of the sects of the Shia and most of the Shia of today are from this group and they are found in Iran, Iraq, Arabia, Pakistan, Lebanon and elsewhere. It is from this group that the Nusairiyyah (a very extreme sect) splintered off from.
It is this last group that is associated with the label of Shia today and they are referred to by many different names such as “Shia” (those siding with Ali), or “Raafidah” (those rejecting the two Shaykhs, Abu Bakr and Umar) or “Ithna Ashariyyah” (those believing in the twelve Imaams) or “Imaamiyyah” (those believing in leadership being a pillar of Islam), and all these labels characterize a particular element of their belief.
Nusairiyyah
They are an extreme splinter group from the Imaamiyyah, Ithna Ashariyyah sect of the Shia and they appeared in the third-century hijrah, named after Muhammad bin Nusair al-Numairee. They claim Allaah indwelled in Ali (rali Allahu anhu), they also believe in the transmigration of souls (tanaasukh al-arwaah) and also believe in secret esoteric interpretations of the Qur’an. The entire set of beliefs they hold are an amalgamation of idol-worship, Magian paganism, and Jewish and Christian doctrines. They conceal their doctrines from those outside of their circles, and historically have killed those who dared to leak their secrets.
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